Organizational Politics free essay sample

The word politics is taken in a negative sense in most of the situations. Despite of this widely held belief, politics can be found everywhere right from home to the organization or the country level. Politics exists in every place where there are more than one person seeking same resources which are limited. Intentionally or unintentionally, everybody plays politics in one or the other way to serve their purpose and it proves to be helpful for someone while considered as â€Å"dirty† by others who are not benefitted by it. But probably it cannot be avoided as the politics comes in various forms and is present in every field of work in one or the other form. However, we are here to discuss about the politics present in the organizations in various levels and its affect on the work and people there. This presence of politics in the organization is called the organizational politics. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Politics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Brandon and Seldman (2004), â€Å"Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives†. Extending the same note, Organizational politics refers to behaviours â€Å"that occur on an informal basis within an organization and involve intentional acts of influence that are designed to protect or enhance individuals’ professional careers when conflicting courses of action are possible† (Drory, 1993; Porter, Allen, Angle, 1981). Many studies have shown that organizational politics cannot be always considered to be a bad practice. In many cases, it proves to be beneficial for the organizations. Kotter, in his article â€Å"Power and influence†, says â€Å"Without political awareness and skill, we face the inevitable prospect of becoming immersed in bureaucratic infighting, parochial politics and destructive power struggles, which greatly retard organizational initiative, innovation, morale, and performance. † The concept is also supported by Randolph(1985) where he states that â€Å"Organizational Politics is not necessarily bad. It is another tool that employees and managers have for promoting goals that cannot be achieved in other ways†. Thus, in various articles, it has been stated that organizational politics is one of the major parts of business and it also has positive affects on the success of the organizations. To understand the concept of organizational politics, I would like to share a very common example of organizational politics. An employee asking for a salary hike in general terms would not probably be considered as an organizational politics, but as we see generally in the construction companies or other government organizations where labour unions are present, major strikes take place when the workers stop working and go on strike to force the organization for a salary hike. This may be considered as a major example of organizational politics. This example is having a very broad and visible scope but there are many other ways in which politics take place in the organizations. Sometimes they are visible to everyone but in most cases, it is played like a strategy game and it becomes tough to know where politics is happening. Politics take place in the organizations in every level, right from the junior level of workers for impressing their seniors and climbing up the corporate ladder, to the highest level of employees where they play politics for power and status. Sometimes, when the politics reaches a very high level in the organizations, it affects the organization in an adverse way and can be harmful for the organization’s future. Looking back to the article on â€Å"The Social Identity Theory†, I could relate the theory to the reasons behind the politics in the organizations. The social identity theory dealt with the human behaviours in different social gatherings. The strategies of organizational politics grow gradually in the employee’s behaviour. The way an experienced person joins the organization is very different from the fresher who joins his first organization. An experienced person is aware of the politics in the organizations and hence when he joins a new organization, he is very focussed about what he has to do. He quickly sets his target people whom he has to impress and whom he can rule. Moving further, he works on his strategies to achieve his pre-planned goal. However, when a fresher joins an organization, he is not aware of the politics in the organization and he still behaves in his high school ways doing friendships with the like ones and avoiding the unmatched people. But slowly, being in the organization, he smells the need of relationships with the right people and make his initial strategies to reach the intended person. Hence his identity changes in the organizational setup, and he learns the applicability of the old proverb that who you know matters as much as what you know. Many times, the same behaviour of a person is said to be wrong in terms of ethical behaviours but when the profitability of playing politics are sighted by the fellow members, they adopt the same political behaviour and tries to play the same ‘dirty politics’ to serve their purpose. When I was working in the organization, I have seen many cases like this, where people have played politics and have gained from it. In a very general scenario, an employee whether loves or hates his manager, he is always polite and sweet to him. This love and affection may not be because of the respect for the manager but it is also a type of organizational politics. We know with whom we have to keep good relation to grow in the organization. We know that keeping good relation with the manager will help us get promoted so however he is, we try to overlook it and behave in a very nice and polite way with him. A very general example of organizational politics can be seen in every small or large project. Every team member pretends to work for the whole team and care for each other but a very obvious fact is that he always try to over show him in the eyes of the seniors but showing the unintentional means. He never let other team members know that he is promoting himself in front of others but he tries to do that in some or the other way. This can be seen mostly in the Team Leader behaviours. He is regarded as a representative of the whole team and is generally responsible for answering for the whole team. While representing the team, he generally tries to hide the negative points or the mistakes done by the team members and try to over highlight the small achievements done by the team. His direct motive is the team but the indirect motive is always he. He knows that he can grow only when the team grows. Other say it as dirty tricks but no body can escape from it. According to King(1989), â€Å"Could it be that by refusing to play, we are able to avoid conflict that might compromise our principles and integrity? This is akin to taking our ball and going home! We gain a temporary reprieve, but the challenge still remains. Play or not play, the game still goes on! † Hence happily or forcefully, everybody has to enter the dirty game in order to save their chance in the game. Increasing social networking in the organizations is also a type of organizational politics. According to Dwyer in his article â€Å"How to win at Office Politics†, says ‘Successful politics starts with relationships: You’ll need your coworkers’ support — or at minimum their respect — to accomplish anything’. Social networking plays a very important role in the organizations. It is said that it’s worthless to count the enemies in your organization, but making more friends than the enemies always counts. It is evident that the more connections you have in your organization, the more powerful you are. All the negative impacts from the enemies can be counterbalanced by the positive impacts of friends. The main intention is to cover the area of enemies by friends. The affect of power is more visible in the higher level of hierarchy in the organizations. According to Farrell and Peterson (1982), â€Å"the successful practice of organizational politics is perceived to lead to a higher level of power, and once a higher level of power is attained, there is more opportunity to engage in political behaviour†. In a leadership position, the leader has more opportunity and need to play politics either for its own personal motive or for the sake of the organization. In a higher level, the leaders have the opportunity to highlight their contribution whenever needed. Due to the power they have, it is easier for them to manipulate things and show it in a more attractive way. In any case of brawl, they are capable to use any available resource such as experts, consultants, experienced persons, and administrative person etc. to put their point across and solve the problem. Moreover, they can ensure the help from the top management in case of difficult initiatives or discussions. Power is of no use if it cannot be used in the adverse situations. In a negative note, he can put the burden on others without letting them know in case of any unfavourable situation to save their position or work. Power can be used easily to remove any resistance in the work but using the power in a right way so that everybody is satisfied and happy is called the right politics. Moreover, the leaders do have the capability to exploit the political climate in the organization and maximize the organizational output and the satisfaction of the employees working under them. Giving appreciations, rewards and importance to the employees gives them a confidence to work and make them feel that they are important for the organization. This increases their loyalty towards the organization and commitment towards their work. This in turn increases the productivity and profitability for the organization as a whole. Thus, the employees are the main stakeholders of an organization and hence any politics in the organization should not break their trust or confidence and hence using the politics in a right way is very necessary in any level of the organization. Contrarily, sometimes when the manager intentionally or unintentionally avoids an employee or his good work or gives more importance to somebody else in front of him, then the employee feels isolated and avoided. Such repeated action results in lowering the employee’s confidence level and finally leads to frustration and mistrust. He eventually starts thinking that his hard work is not valued by the organization and he looses interest in his work. Because of this, his performance in the work decreases and leads him towards failure. Hence the behaviour of the leaders towards their employee plays a very important part in the overall progress of the employee. The satisfaction an employee feels at work leads him to maintain the status quo, while the lack of it may lead him to act in order to influence and change decisions in the organization. The politics in organizations changes the behaviour of an individual drastically. Once faced the politics in his work, he tends to evaluate every act of others in a political way. He starts evaluating the things in a more focused way and starts questioning every act of others. Due to this, he forces himself to make strategies to win against others. Sometimes, the level of competition reaches such a high level that it starts taking a wrong way and proving bad for the organizational culture. At this time, he starts caring less about the team work and concentrates only on his work. According to Dattner and Dunn, â€Å"In overly political organizations, there is a focus in individual self-interest and silos rather than on the good of the organization. Also there are clearly defined in-groups and out-groups, and a preoccupation with who is in each category. † This leads to a weak team building and differences among the team members. At this point of time, the real work of a leader comes into act. It becomes necessary for the leader to make some strategies so that he can heal the relational differences among the team members and get them back to the quality and united work rather han competing among themselves. Patience and the right politics play a very important role in such circumstances. Hence, organizational politics cannot be considered as negative all the time as it is generally important in the organizations in order to remove the hurdles in the work and maximize the output. However, Organizational Politics sometimes can be regarded as bad for the o rganizations and the employees. Sometimes, it lays a very bad affect on the employees with results in job resignation, job anxiety, dissatisfaction, frustration etc. Sometimes, employees who are dedicated towards their work to a more extent than others fail to get promoted and others having a political excellence win the battle. In such cases, the moral of the hardworking employees get affected and they do not get the actual worth of their hard work and dedication. Such reasons result in job dissatisfaction and they leave the company in search of a better environment but finally fail to find one. This is because one cannot get rid of the politics in the environment. The only option left with them is to change their own nature and behaviour and follow the political path. The hard work starts getting converted to smart work which can be beneficial for the individuals but probably is not good for the organizations. Moreover, a proper communication is very important in the organization. Mai and Akerson in their article ‘Building a better organization through effective communication’ says that Above all, leadership communication entails nurturing and maintaining a workplace environment in which communication flows freely and quickly in all directions with minimal distortion or lag time†. But when people get power, they sometimes hide the truth or share the necessary information with a limited number of people or probably share it very late with others. Sometimes, they alter the information and frame it in a misleading way for their own personal motives. The information starts with a different motive and intention in the higher level and by the time it reaches the lower level employees, the motive and meaning of the information changes. The intent of the information gradually changes in every level down, according to his or her political inclinations. Later on, when the truth unfolds, it puts a negative impact on other employees. The few negative impacts of politics on individuals as stated by Dattner and Dunn in their article â€Å"Organizational Politics† are decreasing loyalty and increasing focus on self interest, hoarding of information and control, stress and anxiety, paranoia and perceptual distortions, excessive worrying about status and perceived slights, defensiveness about errors and mistakes, mistrust of the validity of feedback, acting out and regressive behaviours etc. Moreover, when a person comes into power, sometimes he tends to create a ‘One Man Rule’ in the organization level or in the project level, which creates a lot of difficulties for the employees under him. He starts taking the problem in a more personal way and tends to take revenge with people he doesn’t like. In such situations, the intent of the politics goes beyond the organizational scope and reaches a personal arena. In such situations, during the time of electing people for promotions, he gets very biased resulting in the selection of people who are efficient in impressing him through their politics and the hard working and the work centric people lags behind in this game. According to Kacmar Ferris (1991), â€Å"In highly political organizations, rewards are not necessarily related to work performance, but may instead be tied to relationships, power, and other less objective factors. Due to this, the power and authority is not adequately distributed which leads to other problems. According to Zivnuska et al, in their article ‘Journal of Organizational Behaviour’, ‘If organizational behaviour is not governed by a clear set of rules or expectations and behaviour is enacted with the sole purpose of personal gain, it is difficult for employees to predict behaviour of colleagues, managers, or the executive team. ’ Conclusively, like it or not, every work place is a politi cal environment. But politics not always mean playing a dirty game. In its purest form, the organizational politics simply mean removing hurdles in your way and moving from here to there; by securing the job, securing a promotion, gaining support from other team mates or precisely getting the work done in an easier way. Getting success in the life is everybody’s main intention of life and for achieving it we have to go through many tough ways. Clearing the tough ways and making it easier for us is our motive and doing so by finding a way out in a strategic and probably ethical way is never wrong. However, excess of anything proves to be harmful and thus a proper mix of politics and work can serve the organization and the people in a better way. Politics and power are interrelated and both of it should be used in an appropriate way to avoid imbalance in work and ethics. Moreover, avoiding the organizational politics can never be the solution for an individual but trying to learn to be in such a political environment and win over it is the main essence of the work experience.

Common Application Institutes Word Limit for College Application Essays

Common Application Institutes Word Limit for College Application Essays Preview of Common Application Available Now! Although the Common Application for college applications will not officially be available until August 1, commonapp.org has made a preview available so that on-the-ball upcoming seniors can get a head start on planning their application content.   The Common App Preview, complete with highlighted new or noteworthy information, is available now. There are several changes to the Common Application form since last year, including the addition of 48 new colleges and universities.   College consultant Nancy Griesemer   has already written about them quite eloquently, so I will not detail all the changes. I invite you to read her article, The Common Application Shares Changes for Next Year. Implications for the College Admissions Essay My particular interest is the essay portion of the application, and so it is pertinent to me that although the Common Application essay topic choices have not changed, the suggested length of the essay has.   Students are now requested to write 250-500 words on their chosen topic. Two hundred fifty to five hundred words?   That’s one short essay!   You may think initially, â€Å"Great!   Less to write!† But in actuality, it is harder to write a short essay than a long one.   I have pointed this phenomenon out and provided a few essay-shortening tips in a prior blog article, Cutting Your Writing Down to Size.   I encourage you to read it! Phrases to Eliminate from your College Application Essay If you are gearing up to write a 250-500 word college application essay, make sure to get clear about your priorities.   Don’t make the mistake of spending precious words or phrases like the following: Boring writing puts man to sleep â€Å"As I sat down to write this essay†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"I will always remember the time when†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"I was fortunate to have the opportunity to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  YAWN!! Look   you simply don’t have space to burn with such extraneous material.   Eliminate it, and focus, focus, focus. To help in the process of planning and writing your essay, read my series on specific essay topics, which you will receive as part of your subscription if you sign up for my College Admissions topic list.   You can sign up HERE. Note:   Another change to be aware of is that the short answer questions will be limited by characters (1000) instead of words (150).   Again, crafting pointed, clear answers is paramount. If you want highly personalized assistance with your college application essays, contact The Essay Expert for your FREE 15-minute consultation and to work with one of our Ivy League educated consultants.   We will make sure you have the best possible chance of getting in to the college of your choice.

A Complete List of John Grisham Books

A Complete List of John Grisham Books John Grisham is a master of legal thrillers; his novels have captured the attention of millions of readers, from adults to teens. In three decades he has written nearly one book per year and a number of those have been adapted into popular movies. From his debut novel A Time to Kill to the 2017  release of Camino Island, Grishams books are nothing short of captivating. Over the years, he branched out from legal stories as well. His complete list of published books includes stories about sports as well as non-fiction. Its a compelling body of literature and if youve missed one or two books, youll definitely want to catch up. Lawyer Turned Best-Selling Author John Grisham was working as a criminal defense attorney in Southaven, Mississippi when he wrote his first novel. A Time to Kill, based on an actual court case that dealt with racial issues in the South. It enjoyed modest success. He entered politics, serving in the state legislature on the Democratic ticket and began writing his second novel. It was not Grishams intent to leave law and politics to become a published author, but the runaway success of his second endeavor The Firm changed his mind. Grisham quickly became a prolific best-selling author. In addition to novels, he has published short stories, nonfiction, and young adult books.   Grisham Captures Mainstream Readers From  1989-2000 Few new writers have exploded onto the literary scene like John Grisham. The Firm became the top-selling book of 1991 and was on The New York Times bestseller list for nearly 50 weeks. In 1993, it was made into the first of many movies based on Grishams novels. From The Pelican Brief through The Brethren, Grisham continued to produce legal thrillers at the rate of about one per year. He tapped into his experience as a lawyer to create characters who faced moral dilemmas and dangerous situations. During the first decade of his work, he produced several novels that were eventually made into major big-screen films. These include Pelican Brief in 1993; The Client in 1994; A Time to Kill in 1996; The Chamber in 1996; and The Rainmaker in 1997. 1989 - A Time to Kill1991 - The Firm1992 - The Pelican Brief1993 - The Client1994 - The Chamber1995 - The Rainmaker1996 - The Runaway Jury1997 - The Partner1998 - The Street Lawyer1999 - The Testament2000 - The Brethren Grisham Branches Out From  2001-2010 As the best-selling author entered his second decade of writing, he stepped back from his legal thrillers to examine other genres. A Painted House is a small town mystery. Skipping Christmas is about a family that decides to skip Christmas. He also examined his interest in sports with Bleachers, which tells the story of a high school football star returning to his hometown after his coach dies. The theme continued in Playing for Pizza, a story about an American playing football in Italy. In 2010, Grisham introduced Theodore Boone: Kid Lawyer to middle school readers. This book about a kid lawyer successfully launched an entire series centered around the main character. It introduced the author to younger readers who are likely to become lifelong fans. Also in this decade, Grisham released Ford County, his first collection of short stories and The Innocent Man, his first nonfiction book about an innocent man on death row.  Not to turn his back on his dedicated fans, he rounded out this time with several legal thrillers as well. 2001 - A Painted House2001 - Skipping Christmas2002 - The Summons2003 - The King of Torts2003 - Bleachers2004 - The Last Juror2005 - The Broker2006 - The Innocent Man2007 - Playing for Pizza2008 - The Appeal2009 - The Associate2009 - Ford County (short stories)2010 - Theodore Boone: Kid Lawyer2010 - The Confession 2011 to Present: Grisham Revisits Past Successes Following the success of the first Theodore Boone book, Grisham followed up with five more books in the popular series. In Sycamore Row, a sequel to A Time to Kill, Grisham brought back protagonist Jake Brigance and key supporting characters Lucien Wilbanks and Harry Rex Vonner. He continued his policy of writing one legal thriller a year and threw in a couple of short stories and a baseball novel called Calico Joe for good measure.   Grishams 30th book was released in 2017 and titled Camino Island. Another intriguing crime novel, the story centers around stolen F Scott Fitzgerald manuscripts. Between a young, enthusiastic writer, the FBI, and a secret agency, the investigation tries to track down these handwritten documents on the black market. 2011 - Theodore Boone: The Abduction2011 - The Litigators2012 - Theodore Boone: The Accused2012 - Calico Joe2012 - The Racketeer2013 - Theodore Boone: The Activist2013 - Sycamore Row2014 - Gray Mountain2015 - Theodore Boone: The Fugitive2015 - Rogue Lawyer2016 - Partners (a Rogue Lawyer short story)2016 - Theodore Boone: The Scandal2016 - Witness to a Trial (a digital short story)2016 - The Whistler2017 - Camino Island

Write your own critical analysis of Desiree's Baby 1 page and Hunters Essay

Write your own critical analysis of Desiree's Baby 1 page and Hunters in the Snow 1 page - Essay Example The first hint of menace, of things awry came with her reactions to the child. '"This is not the baby", she exclaimed, in startled tones." There is brooding atmosphere of heat that seems to suggest the calm before a storm in this scene. As the changes in the baby are reflected by changes in his father, Armand, it became apparent that the child was not white, so Desiree, of unknown parentage was blamed. The awful response of the father, cruelty to his wife, love turned to hate and his beating of the slaves showed his how his damaged pride, social standing and prejudice had dreadful effects on all around him: "..the spirit of Satan seemed suddenly to take hold of him in his dealings with the slaves." Armand caused so much suffering and pain to those who were different, through prejudice and misplaced pride. When he drove her away, punishing her for disgracing him, I realized that I wanted Desiree and her baby to be saved from the bayou, to go and live with the people who understood the meaning of unconditional love. The irony in the last few words exposed the tragedy: "his mother, who adores him, belongs to the race that is cursed with the brand of slavery." In this story, the universal truth stands out; those people who believe themselves better and more important than others, letting that rule their lives, are left with nothing, as the ashes of the fire Armand lit, symbolized.

Study and learning skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Study and learning skills - Essay Example The learning process requires person’s activity - it is not limited to the university or school. You keep yourself acquainted with new literature, make your own little discoveries, determine your own position on one or another issue and apply your knowledge to solve specific problems. You should not regard yourself as a passive object of the learning process; object, which is able to receive information only in the classroom and is not going to analyze it. Prepare to the fact that your self-study time will exceed time, spent in the classroom. The sooner you get the necessary skills to be successful in studying, the more efficiently your time will be used, and the greater your success will be. Nobody can deny the fact that acquiring knowledge is not easy task to do. Sometimes studying is quite a painful process and lots of factors can influence it. First of all, a student needs to develop some skills that will be necessary for further efficient and successful studying. Studying skills or strategies are characterized â€Å"as the approaches applied to learning, which are generally critical to success in school, are considered essential for acquiring good grades, and are useful for learning throughout one's life† (Preston, 1989). Everybody is aware or such simple truth that time is money, nonetheless, so many people neglect it and go on wasting time. Students are not exception. It is impossible to grasp the immensity and learn all the material just before taking test or writing an important essay. If you want to be a successful student, you should never try to do too much studying at once. Such experiments with yourself may result in your being too tired, exhausted and thus, unable to write your test well. So, when you have some free time, it should be planned accordingly. Space the work you have to cope with over short time periods and never forget about having brakes between studying periods. Your schedule should be evaluated, so take care of it and do not let your friends or family member to draw your attention off the studying process. Planning time properly is a very important skill not only for studying but also for your future profession. First, all your zeal got to be directed to coping with the most difficult tasks, requiring much time and efforts. And what about the students’ working place? Should we actually pay so much attention to the working place arranging? Of course, we do. Very few students think about the studying places, though when chosen incorrectly, such place can do more harm than good. Studying place should be quiet; its being free from any interruption is of paramount importance to you. Your studying place also should be available to you when you need it; it should be spacious and comfortable, for you not to

Suitably qualified staff Essay Example for Free

Suitably qualified staff Essay Staffing to meet changing business demands Suitably qualified staff may be recruited or trained within the organisation to have the right level of skills when they first join the business. At XMA computers, they need to have enough staff to meet demand but not too many as they would be wasting money on their wages. They also need to pay for staff training and sick pay. During the holidays, such as Christmas, XMA need to hire more staff as retailers will want to buy more products for the sale season. Coordination of team resources to meet targets As well as making sure that individual employees are managed within the organisation, it is essential that resources are used effectively within terms to meet company targets that are set. At XMA all employees need to work together to make the business successful. The people receiving and sending out calls need to have good teamwork skills to work with those who organise and dispatch the orders. This helps the business become successful in taking and delivering orders on time. Monitoring of team performance Coordinating a team is likely to mean that a company knows what employees should be doing to work towards their targets; but it is also essential to monitor the teams performance to make sure that they are actually making progress.XMA need to keep track of employees progress and they have many ways of doing this. They mainly do it through appraisals. An appraisal is a meeting between an employee and his/her line manager. During this meeting they talk about the employees progress throughout their working time. This review can be done in two different ways: Formal and Informal. Liaison with other departments Large organisations may have hundreds of different teams working across the organisation and unless each is able to work with other departments and coordinate as a whole organisation there will be conflict or unsatisfactory performance. XMA need all their teams to work together so that the business is run smoothly without any problems. If the teams do not work together than the business may not be successful and details may be wrong. Establishment of professional culture Part of the management of human resources concerns teaching employees about how the business operates its professional culture; for example the level of formality it uses and the way that managers and staff deal with each other. XMA need to teach all employees about the way their business operates. Many employees call fellow colleagues by their first name but in some companies they prefer to be addressed by a title e.g. Mr, Mrs., Dr. Provision of appropriate incentives To manage human resources effectively managers may decide to use incentives to encourage employees to work harder or to produce work of a higher quality. At XMA, employees are given extra-pay if they can hit their daily phone targets or get higher. E.g. If an employee is given a target of 50 orders, and they get 70 orders, they may get and extra à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 for their work. Encouragement of creativity and initiative Businesses that are able to change quickly and can be adaptable to customer needs are more likely to be successful. XMA need to be able to do this in order to be the number 1 distributor company in the UK. As they also have a website, they have international orders which will get them more profit.

Finding Her Voice in Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Janie Crawford, the main character of Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, strives to find her own voice throughout the novel and, in my opinion, she succeeds even though it takes her over thirty years to do it. Each one of her husband’s has a different effect on her ability to find that voice. The first time Janie had noticed this was when he was appointed mayor by the town’s people and she was asked to give a few words on his behalf, but she did not answer, because before she could even accept or decline he had promptly cut her off, â€Å" ‘Thank yuh fuh yo’ compliments, but mah wife don’t know nothin’ ’bout no speech-makin’/Janie made her face laugh after a short pause, but it wasn’t too easy/†¦the way Joe spoke out without giving her a chance to say anything on way or another that took the bloom off things† (43). This would happen many times during the course of their marriage. He told her that a woman of her class and caliber was not to hang around the low class citizens of Eatonville. In such cases when he would usher her off the front porch of the store when the men sat around talking and laughing, or when Matt Boner’s mule had died and he told her she could not attend its dragging-out, and wh en he demanded that she tie up her hair in head rags while working in the store, â€Å"This business of the head-rag irked her endlessly. But Jody was set on it. Her hair was NOT to show in the store† (55). He had cast Janie off from the rest of the community and put her on a pedestal, which made Janie feel as though she was trapped in an emotional prison. Over course of their marriage, he had silenced her so much that she found it better to not talk back when got this way. His voice continuously oppresses Janie and her voice. She retreats within herself, where still dreams of her bloom time, which had ended with Joe, â€Å"This moment lead Janie to ‘grows out of her identity, but out of her division into inside and outside. Knowing not mix them is knowing that articulate language requires the co-presence of two distinct poles, not their collapse into oneness’ † (Clarke 608). The marriage carries on like this until; Joe lies sick and dying in his death be d.

Since X Ray Was Discovered Health And Social Care Essay

Since X ray was discovered by Roentgen in 1895, its medical application has grown to be a fast and dynamic imaging mode. Today ‘s imagination section consists of an impressive array of diagnostic and curative devices from x-ray machines, CT Scan, PET Scan, additive gas pedal, which chiefly use ionising radiation for diagnosing and intervention of unwellnesss ; and with the add-on of ultrasound and MRI that use sound moving ridges and magnets for diagnosing alternatively of X raies. Therefore, radiology is considered as the window of the healthcare establishment and the radiologic engineers are the individuals behind these state-of-the art machines. In the x-ray section, one of the divisions of radiology section, the x-ray machines are used for diagnosings of unwellnesss. For 100 old ages the film-screen system has been the imaging system of pick. This system uses radiographic movie, screen and wet chemical science to bring forth an image merely like conventional picture taking. Every RT ‘s end is to supply high quality images for accurate diagnosing ; hence each measure is really critical. The RT must be equipped with cognition and accomplishments from anatomy, positioning and exposure techniques. One little error can endanger the image and outputs an unacceptable radiogram which entails repetition scrutiny that chiefly means extra radiation dosage to the patient. This is one of the disadvantages of a film-screen system wherein one time the movie has been processed ; there is no manner to change it. What you see is what you get. Fortunately, with the turning engineering of imaging modes came the debut of digital imaginati on which follow the same construct as digital cameras wherein brightness and contrast of the image can be changed and images can now be cropped. Its advantage compared to film-screen is really obvious, since images can be altered, repetition scrutinies, oftentimes is no longer necessary. The engineering is brilliant and its introduction has grown the wonder of every RT whether it is efficient compared to the traditional system. And of class, it is. However, as with every other engineering has its drawback. Since the new engineering chiefly uses computing machine and computer-aided equipments oftentimes do the full occupation. The inquiry lies wherein will the competency of the RT in footings of exposure technique factors be same as utilizing the conventional manner? Several international surveies stated that because of the convenience of the system, the RTs utilizing the machine oftentimes fail to see the criterion protocols in every technique choice because images can be manipulated subsequently. Change of images from clip to clip should non be a day-to-day scenario because use sometimes interfere accurate diagnosing. As of the research workers ‘ cognition, there are no known local related surveies in the diminution of RT ‘s competency in utilizing CR. One of the grounds may be this mode is still in the phase of debut in the Philippines and that its deduction is non yet intensively studied. But this does non halt the research workers to seek of happening out if there is so a diminution in RT ‘s competency with the new system. This survey is a comparative-correlational research in finding the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and CR on exposure technique factor choice. The chief aims of the research workers are to compare if there is a important difference in footings of radiographic competency in the RT who uses film-screen from CR and to find if the respondents profile and bureau has a important relationship in footings of radiographic competency. Base on the consequence of the survey, the research workers will be able to measure the indispensable acco mplishments needed for the profession. Technology so has helped us in many ways. However, without the competency of the professional manipulating the equipment is futile. This means that the engineer who has the exclusive duty of manning the state-of-the art equipment should non trust from engineering, alternatively engineering should trust on them.REVIEW OF LITERATUREThis survey chiefly aims to compare the degree of radiographic competency on exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Exposure technique factor choice is an of import foundation for these two types of image receptor ( IR ) or imaging system. Image receptor is a device that converts X raies into seeable visible radiation. Competence should non change whether the radiologic engineer ( RT ) is utilizing the conventional or digital system, otherwise, it will get the better of the intensive survey of the exposure techniques during the undergraduate old ages. Furthermore, s upplying appropriate exposure techniques is paramount in the profession since these techniques besides mean radiation dose on the portion of the patient. Harmonizing to Fauber & A ; Johnston ( 2012 ) , the radiographer ‘s actions at the control panel straight determine the nature and the makeup of the x-ray beam. This means that the selected exposure technique factor is straight relative to patient dosage. In add-on, it is the duty of the radiographer to larn the doctrine, factors and methods that minimizes ionising radiation exposure to the patient ( Callaway, 1996 ) . This besides means that an RT is supplying quality patient attention when he/she gives an adequate and necessary sum of radiation to the patient.Competence in Radiologic TechnologistKlemp ( 1980 ) defined competency as â€Å" an implicit in feature of a individual which consequences in effectual and/or superior public presentation on the occupation. † A competent individual is imbued with the right cogni tion, accomplishments and attitude on a peculiar undertaking. Other writers define competency as â€Å" a bunch or related cognition, accomplishments, and attitudes that reflects a major part of one ‘s occupation, which has a relationship in the public presentation on the occupation that can be measured with well-accepted criterions, and that can be improved with preparation and development ( Parry, 1996 ) . † In radiologic engineering, for illustration, an freshly licensed RT already possess cognitive and motor accomplishments at an entry degree, nevertheless, it can merely be enhanced through proper and consistent preparation in a chosen specialised field during the class of his/her work as an RT.Knowledge, Skills, AttitudeAs mentioned, competency is a combination of cognition, accomplishments and attitudes. These constituents are indispensable as a whole because the absence of one constituent greatly affects 1s public presentation. Harmonizing to Dowd ( 1996 ) , cogn ition as portion of competency includes theories and constructs which were gained as a consequence of the experience of executing certain undertakings. Furthermore, in the field of radiologic engineering he added that cognition includes job-specific nomenclature, methods of forming information and an apprehension of rules and generalisations. On the other manus, Hans Reynold in 1928 defined accomplishment as combined mental and physical qualities which make it utile to industry. Knowledge if combined with accomplishments is of import in the workplace. Furthermore, one can non develop a accomplishment without cognition and at higher degrees, cognition are converted to accomplishments ( Klieme, 2004. ) The last constituent that determines competency is the attitude. The attitude such as beliefs, values, traits, and motivations is a portion of competency because it indicates the individual ‘s response to a peculiar event or state of affairs. Attitude refers to the sensitivity or mental province of individuals/users towards a merchandise, thoughts, or attributes. It besides implies on mental preparedness on a peculiar object or his properties toward an object or his penchants. ( Hulse & A ; Dowd, 1996 ) . In the field of radiologic engineering, competency does non merely intend that the RT is equipped with the cognition and accomplishments but RT is besides imbued with the right attitude and judgement to supply each patient with quality attentionOn Radiographic CompetenceIn the field of radiologic engineering, one facet of the profession requires competent accomplishments in radiographic exposure factor technique. The said competency is indispensable particularly in the diagnos tic x-ray imagination, wherein exposure factors are the key to accurate diagnosing and supplying radiation dose to minimum degree. For 100 old ages, film-screen technique has been the method of pick in radiographic imagination ( Bushong 2009 ) . Film-screen system uses radiographic movies, radiographic intensifying screens and wet chemical science to do the image seeable. Furthermore, this conventional system should adhere to the criterions of the darkroom demands. Film-screen system has the same construct as a typical conventional camera. In a film-screen technique, radiologic engineer should be certain on the exposure factors to be applied in a peculiar exposure because improper choice of exposure factors can take to overexposure or underexposure of the movie. Overexposure or underexposure degrades image quality and hence, it can take to rejection of movie, therefore necessitates the demand for repetition scrutiny. Repeat scrutiny provides unneeded dosage to the patient and extra costs to the section. On the other manus, as with the other inventions in engineering, diagnostic imagination has shifted its class from conventional to digital. Computer applications are employed presents in diagnostic imagination modes. An appropriate analogy that is easy for most people to understand is the replacing of typical movie cameras with digital cameras: images can be taken, instantly examined, deleted, corrected, and cropped, and later sent to a web of computing machines. Computed skiagraphy system ( CR ) is an low-cost solution to digital imagination. Alternatively of the movie, CR employs an imaging home base to capture x-rays and makes it seeable when the home base is scanned into a computing machine and digitized it. Once the image is converted to informations, it can be recorded on a optical maser printed movie or can be transmitted and stored digitally. It has particular characteristics like use or sweetening of the image. Its specialised package is used to image sing with enhanced maps similar to film-screen system, such as contrast, brightness, and rapid climb. ( dicomsolutions.com, 2011 ) . Computed skiagraphy has practical proficient advantages compared with conventional techniques, such as broad contrast dynamic scope, post-processing functionality, multiple image screening options, and electronic transportation and file awaying possibilities. In this system, image quality can be achieved because of the post-processing techniques that are non possible with film-screen system. This system is convenient for the engineers because the RT can counterbalance for exposure technique inaccuracies by seting the technique during post-processing stage of the image instead than that clip of exposure. In radiologic engineering field, competency agencies that the RT is equipped with the cognition, accomplishments, attitude and judgement to supply each patient with quality attention. Harmonizing to Olavidez ( 2005 ) , competency is indispensable in the field of Radiologic Technology because RT is a fast growth profession ; RT trades with human lives and most of all, the RT course of study is non plenty to fix the pupils to be equipped with the accomplishments necessary for the profession particularly in the particular Fieldss of radiologic engineering. For an RT to go competent, he/she should hold undergone formal educational background followed by specialised preparation in their chosen field that takes months. As an RT, he/she should hold comprehensive cognition and accomplishments in patient attention, radiologic processs and radiation dose.Exposure Technique FactorsExposure technique factors influence and find the measure and quality of X ray to which the patient is exposed ( Bu shong, 2009 ) . Kilovolt extremum ( kVp ) , milliamperage ( ma ) , exposure clip and source-to-image distance ( SID ) are the chief exposure technique factors. Furthermore, the said factors besides affect image quality. Milliamperage and exposure clip are the exposure factors that affects the measure of radiation. Milliampere is the step of x-ray tubing current, whereas milliampere-second ( ma ) is the green goods of exposure clip and exposure tubing current. They straight affect the optical denseness ( OD ) of the movie. Optical denseness is the overall darkening of the movie. The darker the movie, the higher figure of x-rays is given to the patient. The higher the figure of X raies that are the given to the patients, the greater the radiation dose they receive. Source-to-image receptor distance besides affects the measure of the radiation. The closer the patient is to the x-ray beginning, the higher dose the patient gets. For chest X ray, the standard SID is 72 inches, while for the other x-ray scrutinies, the standard SID is 40 inches. Kilovoltage extremum ( kVp ) , straight affects the quality of radiation. kVp is the maximal electric potency that travels across the x-ray tubing. Since kVp affec ts the quality of the x-ray beam, it besides affects the quality of the radiographic image. Kilovoltage straight affects contrast. Contrast is the fluctuation of densenesss on the movie. The advantage of utilizing higher kVp is that the patient will have lower dose of radiation because it will non be absorbed. However, higher kilovoltage produces more spread radiation, therefore increases the transmittal of X raies to the image receptor and degrades image quality. The best techniques to forestall spread radiation are utilizing beam restrictors such as collimator to filtrate low energy X raies and to cut-off low energy beams utilizing radiographic grids. By using beam restrictors and grid will heighten image contrast because spread radiation will be prevented. Furthermore, spread radiation will besides supply unneeded dosage to the patient. Therefore, exposure technique factor choice is indispensable. To supply quality radiogram and to restrict patients to radiation should be a end for every RT. Harmonizing to Bushong ( 2009 ) , RTs are required to utilize their accomplishments to bring forth the best possible image with individual exposure ( Bushong, 2009 ) . Otherwise, repeat scrutiny will supply unneeded radiation dosage to the patient. Therefore, it is necessary for the RT to be equipped with cognition and accomplishments to pull strings these exposure technique factors to bring forth coveted optical denseness, contrast, and image item on the finished radiogram.RT in Film-Screen SystemIn conventional film-screen system, before each scrutiny, the radiologic engineer must choose the optimal radiographic technique factors- kVp, ma, and exposure clip ( Bushong 2009 ) . There are many considerations to find the value of each factor and they are complexly interrelated. Contrast and Density are the photographic factors of the radiogram and it functions to do the image seeable. Visibility of image is of import so that anatomical image will look for proper diagnosing. After each exposure, there is no manner to pull strings its contrast and denseness and that ‘s what makes film-screen system hard as unequal contrast or denseness entails repetition scrutiny. Since use of the image is non possible in this system, the RT should be certain with the technique factors prior to the exposure ; otherwise, misreckonings can ensue to underexposure or overexposure. In a film-screen system, overexposure and underexposure of the image is considered unacceptable because the of import constructions are non seeable and therefore it is non a tool for proper diagnosing. In other words, image quality is dependent on exposure factors.RT in Computed RadiographyIn CR system, image quality is non dependent on exposure factors. Digital image is unrelated to dose, kVp becomes less of import. Since, image quality is non dep endent on exposure factors, image can be manipulated. In a conventional system, the movie serves as both image acquisition and show medium. With CR, the image home base serves as the acquisition medium but does non expose the image. Since these maps are separate in CR, the digital signal can be altered to counterbalance for underexposure or overexposure and an acceptable image can be displayed on the proctor ( Shephard, 2003 ) . With CR system, post-processing is possible that helps heighten image therefore leting the RT to change image contrast and denseness. Since image can be manipulated or modified, underexposure or overexposure is no longer a job with this system, because it can normally salve fluctuations from the optical technique, whereas proficient mistake with a screen-film system frequently requires a repetition exposure ( Pizzutiello, 1993 ; Cesar, 1997 ) . Therefore, with CR, proficient mistakes are eliminated because of exposure discrepancies that are possible with sal vageable consequences, presuming equal kilovoltage is used ( Ballinger, 1999 ) .On Assessment of RT CompetenceIn order to cognize the competency of a professional, assessment plays a critical function. Assessment is of import so as to measure if the RT is still competent to make the occupation. Since we are in the epoch of rapid engineering, it may come to a point that we will merely set our assurance on computing machines instead than our competency. Harmonizing to Olavidez ( 2005 ) , competency is an discernible ability and it can be measured against set of criterions. Appraisal of competency is a combined cognition, accomplishments, and attitudes that reflect the current work pattern. Furthermore, it can bridge the spread between workplace demands and criterion. Choice of exposure technique factor is of utmost importance because RT trades with exposing patients to radiation. Exposure technique factor is tantamount to the quality and the measure of radiation that exits the patient, hence, the RT should be precise in giving exposure technique factors. Supplying appropriate radiation dosage is necessary to forestall the patients from the jeopardies of the ionizing radiation, hence anterior to the exposure of the patient, accurate exposure techniques should be practiced. The issue of supplying accurate techniques lies in a digital system, wherein images can be manipulated during post-processing. Harmonizing to Fredrick Walker ( medicalimagingmag, 2008 ) , a radiologic engineer at Sharp Rees-Stealy in San Diego, CA, he pointed out if the image is excessively dark, we can pull strings the image utilizing post-processing techniques like windowing or shadowing or to set contrast without holding to reiterate the scrutiny. Furthermore, since image can be manipulated during post-processing, it can promote complacence instead than truth with exposure techniques which can ensue in overexposed or underexposed images ( Medicalxray, 2010 ) . In add-on, harmonizing to Enfinger ( 2012 ) , that it is true that the image can be adjusted, nevertheless, it is non recommended because the natural information from the initial exposure will incorporate information from spread radiation that degrades image quality even if it is manipulated subsequently. Harmonizing to Shephard ( 2003 ) , it is likely that digital imagination will replace conventional screen-film skiagraphy in many modern medical imagination centres in the close hereafter. It has already been stated that even if the image can be manipulated during post-processing, this should non be a pattern because somehow it can deteriorate image quality which consequences in inaccurate diagnosing. One retrospective analysis of patients who had undergone lumbar spinal column radiogram for the diagnosing of osteoporosis comparison diagnostic truth with screen-film versus digital skiagraphy. The writers suspected that bone mineral loss could be more easy seeable with screen-film imaging due to the fact that image contrast can non be adjusted with this mode, whereas CR ( and DR ) images undergo digital post-processing techniques to maximise contrast. This could ensue in misdirecting consequences that confound diagnostic strength in osteoporosis. Therefore, this is a challenge now for the RT to keep their competency amidst the assistance of engineering. Competence of RT is the foundation of supplying quality patient attention by supplying appropriate radiation dosage for accurate diagnosing.SynthesisThe focal point of the literature and surveies cited was the radiographic competency of RT between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy and it is through this survey that the research workers can place and compare whether their competency will differ based on the image receptor that is being used. In add-on, competency in exposure technique factors is indispensable because this will besides intend radiation dosage to the patient. It has already been affirmed that the construct has been there for the past few old ages and hence the present survey is surely non a new construct. Nevertheless, the research workers deemed it necessary to carry on a survey measuring the competency of the RT for the benefit of the establishment whe re they belong because the research worker wants to suggest a professional plan that could beef up the foundation of the RTs ‘ . It is besides of import for the school to offer the plans since about the RT from the different infirmaries in Davao City are merchandises of this establishment. This survey is similar to the other surveies cited in this subdivision because it stated on the effects of digital imagination on the radiographic competency of the RTs. Furthermore, old surveies dealt with the effects of image use on image quality and it indirectly link to the competency of the RTs.Conceptual ModelIn this position, the research workers attempted to measure the degree of radiographic competency of the RTs in footings of cognition, accomplishments and attitude. Through measuring the competency of the RTs, the research workers are able to find the degree of radiographic competency ; their strengths and failing of radiographic techniques. On the other manus, the research workers identified the factors that can impact their competency, such as the respondents ‘ demographic profile in footings of age, sex, figure of old ages in service and educational attainment and the profile of establishment such as bureau and its categorization are besides considered. To hold a graphic image of the survey, Figure 1 served as the research paradigmSCHEMATIC DIAGRAMIndependent Variables Dependent VariablesFactorsRespondents ‘ ProfileAge Number of old ages in serviceAgencyPrivate PublicImage ProcessingFilm-Screen System Computed RadiographyDegree of Radiographic CompetenceCognition Skills AttitudeFigure 1Conventional Diagram demoing the relationship between the independent and dependent variablesSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe survey aims to compare the degree of radiographic competency in utilizing a film-screen system and computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice ; specifically it aims to reply the undermentioned inquiries: What is the respondents ‘ profile in footings of: Age Number of old ages in service What is the bureau of the health care establishments in footings of: Private Public What is the degree of the respondents ‘ radiographic competency in utilizing film-screen system on exposure technique factor choice in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude What is the degree of the respondents ‘ radiographic competency in utilizing computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Is there a important relationship between the respondents ‘ profile and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Is there a important relationship between the bureau of health care establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Is there a important difference in the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings of: Cognition Skills AttitudeHypothesisThere is no important relationship between the respondents ‘ profile and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Age Number of old ages in service There is no important relationship between the bureau of the healthcare establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Public Private There is no important difference in the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings of: Cognition Skills AttitudeDEFINITION OF TERMSAccuracy- refers to the grade of conformance of a measured or calculated value to its existent or specific value. Computed Radiography- is an low-cost solution of digital imagination system that uses a photostimulable phosphor as the image receptor. Digital Radiography- an all-digital technique in which x-ray soaking up is quantified by assignment of a figure to the sum of x-rays making the sensor ; this is besides called as cassetteless system. Exposure- step of ionisation produced in air by X raies or gamma beams. Exposure Factor Selection. It is the factor set by the radiographer ( kVp, and ma ) to bring forth visibleness of constructions in the radiogram. Film Screen System- is the conventional image receptor that uses radiographic movie, radiographic escalating screen and wet chemical science to visualise the image in the radiogram. Image receptor- is a device that converts x-ray beam into seeable image. Degree of Radiographic Competence- refers to the step of the degree of competency of the radiologic engineer in accomplishing ends and aims in supplying quality radiogram with minimal radiation dosage to patients. Private hospital- is a infirmary owned by a net income company or a non-profit organisation and in private funded through payment for medical services by patients themselves. Public hospital- is a infirmary which is owned by the authorities and have authorities support.Significance OF THE STUDYThis survey seeks to find if there is a important difference on the degree of the respondents ‘ radiographic competency in exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy ; and to find if there is a important relationship on the degree of radiographic competency between respondents ‘ profile and bureau. Based on the consequences of this survey, the research workers can place the strengths and failings of the RTs and if it shows important diminution in the competency of the RT in the CR system, the research workers will suggest an enhancement plan for the professionals. The said plan will besides be a portion of the Continuing Professional Education ( CPE ) , and it will be added to the CPE units needed to regenerate RT licences. This survey will be most helpful to the radiology section of the infirmary to heighten Health Care Delivery by restricting radiation dosage to the patients. Furthermore, finding the attitude toward the imagination system will assist the section to reassess the mental and the emotional province of the RT ‘s. Mental and Emotional province of the RT are of import since they are covering with patients. It is the duty of the RT to render quality patient attention by supplying appropriate radiation dosage. Furthermore, this survey will besides be of most helpful to the schools offering radiologic engineering as to escalate the foundation of the pupils in footings of exposure technique factors. Based on the consequence of the survey, there may be a demand to revise the course of study to further escalate the accomplishments of the RT pupils. Computed Radiography is non a portion of the standard RT course of study, and it may be one factor that affects the diminution of competency on the portion of the professional every bit good as the pupils.Chapter 2MethodologyThis part discusses the research design used, the research venue where the survey will be conducted, the description of samples and the sampling technique, the instrument used, the inside informations of process and the statistical analysis to reply the research job.Research DesignThe survey will use a comparative-correlational research. To find the difference between the degree of competency in film-screen system and computed s kiagraphy, comparative survey will be used. Furthermore, to find the relationship between the respondents profile and bureau between the degrees of the radiographic competency, correlational design will be employed.PutingThe survey will be conducted from the selected infirmaries in Davao, Digos and Tagum City using either film-screen system and computed skiagraphy. The infirmaries utilizing film-screen system are the undermentioned: Alexian Brothers Health and Wellness Center, Km. 4, McArthur Highway, Matina, Davao City ; Davao Regional Hospital, located at Apokon, Tagum City 8112 and Davao Del Sur Provincial Hospital which is located at Lapu-lapu St. Digos, City Davao Del Sur. On the other manus, the infirmaries utilizing the computed skiagraphy system are the undermentioned: Davao Doctors Hospital ( DDH ) , E. Quirino Ave. , Davao City ; Southern Philippines Medical Center ( SPMC ) , J.P Laurel Ave. , Bajada, Davao City and Davao Medical School Foundation and Hospital ( DMSF ) , M edical Drive, Bajada, Davao City.ParticipantsThe respondents of the survey are the Registered Radiologic Technologists and Associate X-ray Engineers coming from the selected infirmaries in Davao City using a film-screen and computed skiagraphy system. Furthermore, the qualified respondents should be at least six months in service at the clip of the rating.MeasuresThe research appraisal is composed of four parts. The first portion of the appraisal consists of inquiries refering to the profile of the respondents and infirmary. The 2nd portion consists of inquiries on the respondents ‘ degree of cognition on exposure technique factor choice. The inquiries are specifically structured in such a manner that assesses the respondents ‘ acquired cognition on technique choice. Based on the consequences, the attitude in footings of respondent ‘s response in both film-screen and CR system will be categorized as follows depending on their average mark:Points Obtained Qualitative Description30-25 Very High 20-24 High 15-19 Reasonably High 10- 14 Low 13- 0 Very LowInterpretationThe aforesaid appraisal signifier that will be used as instrument of the survey is constructed and designed by the research workers as to mensurate the basic cognition in exposure technique factor choice regardless of the imagination system used. Its cogency and dependability was attested by experts of the field. Furthermore, the 3rd portion of the appraisal is an existent rating wherein the respondents are observed during x-ray scrutiny. They will be assessed in the existent choice of the exposure technique factor and the result of the image. The said appraisal is a point system ; the appropriate the RT performs in technique factor choice and the acceptable the image, the higher the points. Based on the consequences, the degree of radiographic competency in footings of respondent ‘s accomplishments will be categorized as follows depending on their average mark:Points Obtained Qualitative Description10 Very high degree of radiographic accomplishments 7-9 High degree of radiographic accomplishments 4-6 Reasonably low degree of radiographic accomplishments 1-3 Low degree of radiographic accomplishments Low degree of radiographic accomplishments means that the respondents were non able to execute the appropriate exposure techniques and came up with an unacceptable radiogram. Reasonably low degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were non able to execute appropriate exposure techniques and came up with a passable radiogram. High degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were able to come up with a quality radiogram but did non execute appropriate exposure techniques. Last, really high degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were able to come up with a quality radiogram and performed appropriate exposure techniques. The appraisal is limited in the x-ray scrutiny of the skull and thorax. Furthermore, the last portion of the appraisal is consists of inquiries sing the attitude of the respondents. The respondents ‘ attitude will be assessed base on their attitudes about the imagination system and its facets. The research workers will use the Likert Scale wherein the respondents are asked to bespeak a grade of understanding and dissension with each of a series of statement. The consequences will be categorized as follows depending on their average mark:Points Obtained Qualitative Description5 Strongly Agree 4 Agree 3 Indifferent 2 Disagree 1 Strongly differ In add-on, the research workers will utilize purposive sampling as to measure up the respondents for the survey.Ethical ConsiderationResearch blessing will be obtained through the research reappraisal section or human resources section from the six infirmaries. To promote voluntary engagement of the RTs ‘ in this survey, the cover missive of the intent and nature of the survey, informations confidentiality, and research support will be attached. The namelessness of the respondents will be ensured.Procedures1. Letter inquiring for permission. 2. After the blessing of the proposal of this survey, the research worker will organize with the human resource section and the radiology section caputs. Once approved by radiology caputs, the research workers will get down the rating procedure. The research workers will aim two months in assemblage of informations get downing October 1- November 1. Based on the consequence, the research workers will so place the area/s of troubles by the respondents and so proposed an enhancement plan for the professional concentrating on the failings identified.Datas AnalysisThe undermentioned statistical methods will be utilized for the analysis of the informations and reading of the consequences:To reply the undermentioned jobs, obtaining Frequency, Mean and Percentage will be employed.What is the respondents ‘ profile in footings of: Age Number of old ages in service What is the bureau of infirmary in footings of: Private Public 3. What is the degree of the respondents ‘ radiographic competency in utilizing film-screen system on exposure technique factor choice in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude 4. What is the degree of the respondents ‘ radiographic competency in utilizing computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice in footings of: Cognition Skills AttitudeThe Pearson Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation will be used to correlate the respondents ‘ degree of radiographic competency and the ( 1 ) respondents ‘ profile and ( 2 ) profile of the healthcare establishment. It seeks to reply the undermentioned jobs:5. Is there a important relationship between the respondents ‘ profile and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Is there a important relationship between the bureau of health care establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Cognition Skills AttitudeLast, T-test will be used to compare the degree of respondents ‘ competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy:Is there a important difference in the degree of competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude The processing will be done with the usage of SPSS.Scope and RestrictionThe chief intent of the survey is to find if there is a important difference on the degree of the radiographic competency of radiologic engineers on exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy. Furthermore, the research workers will besides seek to find if there is a important relationship on the degree of radiographic competency between radiologic engineers ‘ profile and bureau. The research workers will use the three competences viz. : Knowledge, Skills and Attitude. The survey is limited merely to six health care establishments in Davao, Digos and Tagum City with the following profile:Name of Hospital Image Receptor AgencyAlexian Brothers Wellness Center Film-Screen System Private Davao Doctors Hospital Computed Radiography Private Davao Del Sur Prov. Hospital Film-Screen System Public Davao Regional Hospital Film-Screen System Public DMSF Computed Radiography Private SPMC Computed Radiography Public Furthermore, the survey is limited to skull and chest scrutiny. Since the survey discusses the quality and measure of radiation, nevertheless, it does non cover the radiation dose the patient receives. The survey merely focuses on the image quality based on the exposure techniques -kVp, ma and SID- selected by the respondents.Appendix 1: Communication LetterRaymund CS. Del Val Davao Doctors Hospital President Thru: Mirasol B. Tiu Director Human Resources Department Beloved Sir/Madam: We would wish to seek permission to carry on our survey in this establishment specifically in the Radiology Department. Our survey is entitled â€Å" Radiographic Competence between Film-Screen System and Computed Radiography on Exposure Technique Factor Selection † . The chief aim of this research is to place the radiographic competency between the radiologic engineers ‘ using film-screen image receptor and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Through your engagement, we finally hope to find if competency in exposure technique choice varies or non. We assured that this information will be held in confidential and will be used merely to broaden the position of our survey. Your blessing on this affair will be extremely appreciated. Respectfully Yours,Dannalyn D. Ibanez, RRT Jules King Defensor, RRTResearcher Researcher DDC- RT Department DDC- RT DepartmentTheresa T. Eguia, RRTResearch worker DDC- RT Department Noted By: Joshua P. Sero Dr. Lucila T. Lupo RT Program Chair Head of Research Dept.Appendix 2: COVER LETTERDear Respondent, We are the module of Davao Doctors College- Radiologic Technology Department and soon carry oning a survey entitled â€Å" Radiographic Competence between Film-Screen System and Computed Radiography on Exposure Technique Factor Selection † The chief aim of this research is to place the radiographic competency between the radiologic engineers ‘ using film-screen image receptor and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Through your engagement, we finally hope to find if competency in exposure technique choice varies or non. Enclosed with this missive is a brief questionnaire that asks a assortment of inquiries. The questionnaire is composed of five parts. First portion is your personal profile. Second, is your establishments ‘ profile. The 3rd portion is a quiz-type that measures your cognition about exposure factor techniques on skull and chest scrutiny. In the 4th portion, we, the research workers will detect you based on your existent choice of the exposure techniques during the x-ray scrutiny. And in conclusion, we will be inquiring sing your attitudes and positions toward your current occupation as an RT. Your replies and responses are confidential and will be used for research purposes merely. We hope you will take a few proceedingss to finish this questionnaire. Without the aid of people like you, research on radiographic competency could non be conducted. Your engagement is voluntary and there is no punishment if you do non take part. If you have any inquiries or concerns about finishing the questionnaire or about take parting in this survey, you may reach us at 222-0853 local 107 or 09161932693 or you can e-mail us at danna_rrt @ yahoo.com. Sincerely,Dannalyn D. Ibanez, RRT Jules King C. Defensor, RRTResearcher Researcher DDC- RT Department DDC- RT DepartmentTheresa T. Eguia, RRTResearch worker DDC- RT DepartmentAppendix 3: Samples of QuestionnairesDegree of Competence in Exposure Technique Factor SelectionEvaluation FormPart I: Respondent ‘s ProfileName ( Optional ) : ______________________________ Rating: _____________ Sexual activity: ______________________ Date: ______________ Age: _________ Number of Years in Service: ________Part II: Healthcare Institution ‘s Profile:Type of Institution: ( ) Primary ( ) Secondary ( ) Tertiary Type of Imaging System: ( ) Film Screen ( ) Computed RadiographyPart III: CognitionSKULL RADIOGRAPHYThymineFIn skiagraphy of skull, particularly for paediatric and geriatric patients, short exposure clip is required. 2. Use of grid is required in skull skiagraphy 3. In skull skiagraphy, wherein a smaller field size is required exposure factors may hold to be increased. 4. In skull imagination, a 15 % addition in kvp should be accompanied by half decrease in mom. 5. Skull skiagraphy requires a high contrast image, which requires a high kvp choice. 6. When utilizing a grid, it may non be necessary to increase the exposure factor. 7. When exposure factor is done with the usage of bucky, it is of import to see an addition of ma to keep the movie denseness. 8. In skull skiagraphy, the usage of medium kVp and short exposure clip and the highest possible ma is recommended. 9. It is necessary to increase kVp when an x-ray requisition indicates status such as: hydrocephaly, osteochondroma, and Paget ‘s disease. 10. A sidelong skull place will necessitate lesser exposure than PA skull X ray. 11. When tube angulation is applied during skull x-ray, there is an addition in exposure severally. 12. 40 inches distance is used during skull skiagraphy to obtain appropriate degree of denseness. 13. Skull with injuries due to vehicular accident will necessitate lesser exposure factor. 14. ma is the factor of pick for skull process. 15. Skull process with air spreads due to trauma, kVp is the factor of pick.CHEST RADIOGRAPHYThymineF1. Aerated tissue such as lungs require high sum of exposure to enter appropriate degree of denseness. 2. The thickness of the thorax is normally measured with callipers as a usher to the proper ma choice. 3. In portable thorax X ray, the ma value is decreased. 4. Pathological status of the thorax may non be taken into history in gauging the electromotive force value. 5. To find farther the pathology emphysema the usage of lower kVp exposure requires. 6. By and large, kV should be high plenty to ensue in sufficient contrast to show the many sunglassess of grey needed to visualise the finer lung markers. 7. Chest skiagraphy requires the usage of high mas and long exposure clip to minimise the opportunity of gesture and attendant loss of unsharpness. 8. Chest transcending 30cm in thickness requires an addition non merely in ma but besides in kVp 9. In pleural gush, normal thorax technique will ensue in underexposed image. 10. 72 inches distance is officially use during chest skiagraphy to obtain appropriate degree of denseness. 11. In chest x-ray utilizing air spread technique, normally gives lower patient dosage. 12. Chest is considered as a low contrast anatomy. 13. In patients with pneumonia, it is ever appropriate to diminish exposure techniques. 14. In patients with pneumothorax, it is ever appropriate to increase exposure techniques. 15. By and large, as grid ratio additions, patient dosage will diminish.Part IV: SkillsExposure Technique Factor SelectionMarkDid the engineer usage calliper to mensurate the thickness of the portion? ( to use appropriate kVp ) 1 point. 2. Make the engineer suitably use radiographic grids? 1 point. 3. Make the engineer collimate the portion of involvement? ( collimation reduces spread radiation therefore provides high contrast image ) 1 point. 4. Make the engineer usage appropriate source-to-image distance ( SID ) ? 1 point.Radiographic ImageIs the radiogram acceptable in footings of contrast? 2 points. ( 2- acceptable 1- moderate 0- unacceptable ) Is the radiogram acceptable in footings of denseness? 2 points. ( 2- acceptable 1- moderate 0- unacceptable ) Is the image decently collimated? 1 point Is there a presence of image fuzz? ( Long exposure clip contributes to image fuzz ) 1 point.EntirePart V: AttitudeFor Film-Screen user:Film-Screen SystemStrongly AgreeAgreeIndifferentDisagreeStrongly Disagree1. Film-Screen imagination system still is the best mode of pick in bring forthing a quality radiogram. 2. Film-Screen imagination system gives more accurate consequences compared to digital system. 3. Film-Screen imagination system is the most convenient mode in choosing proper exposure technique. 4. Since I can non pull strings the image in a Film-Screen system, I should be precise in choosing kVp and ma in every scrutiny. 5. If the image becomes underexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies. 6. If the image becomes overexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies. 7. I normally choose high exposure factors in Film-Screen. 8. Collimation is really of import in Film-Screen. 9. I think film-screen bounds patient radiation dosage. 10. I feel that my competency on exposure technique factor choice is great in film-screen system. For Computed Radiography user:Computed RadiographyStrongly AgreeAgreeIndifferentDisagreeStrongly Disagree1. CR is the best mode of pick in bring forthing a quality radiogram. 2. CR gives more accurate consequences compared to digital system. 3. CR is the most convenient mode in choosing proper exposure technique. 4. Since I can pull strings the image in a CR system, sometimes I am non certain in choice of kVp and ma. 5. If the image becomes underexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies. 6. If the image becomes overexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies. 7. I normally choose high exposure factors in CR. 8. There is no demand for collimation since cropping is available during station processing in CR. 9. I think CR bounds patient radiation dosage. 10. I feel that my competency on exposure technique factor choice is lesser in CR.Appendix 4: MentionBooksBallinger, PW, Frank ED: Merill ‘s Atlas of Radiographic Positions and Radiologic Procedures, Volume 3, 9th erectile dysfunction. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 1999 Bloom BJ, erectile dysfunction. Taxonomy of Educational Aims: Cognitive Domain. New York, NY: David McKay Company ; 1956. Bontrager, K, Lampignano, J: Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy 7th erectile dysfunction. Singapore, Mosby, 2010. Bushong, SC: Radiologic Science for Engineers: Physicss, Biology, and Protection, 9th erectile dysfunction. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 2001. Callaway, W, Gurley, L: Introduction to Radiologic Techology. Mosby-Year Book Inc. 1996. Cesar LJ: Computed skiagraphy: its impact on radiographers. Radiologic Technology 68:225, 1997. Dowd, SB. The profession ‘s hereafter: leading development. Radiologic Technology. 1992 Fauber TL: Radiographic Imaging and Exposure. ST. Louis, Mosby, 2000. Fauber, TL & A ; Johnston, J: Necessities of Radiographic Physics and Imaging. Mosby. 2012. Klieme, E. et al.The Development of National Educational Standards: An Expertness, Berlin: Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung. 2004. Lauer OG. Principles and Practices of the College-Based Radiography Program. St. Louis, Mo: Warren Green Inc ; 1984. More, C. Skill and the English Working Class, 1870-1914, London: Croom Helm. ( 1980 ) Piaget, J. La psychologie de l'intelligence, Paris: Colin.1947. Pizzutiello RJ, Cullinan JE: Introduction to Medical Radiographic Imaging. Rochester, NY, Eastman Kodak Company, 1993. Shephard, C: Radiographic Image Production and Manipulation. Nashville, Tenessee, 2003. Yumul, R. Introduction to Radiologic Technology with Science, Technology and Society. Manila. 2012DiariesSiddiqui, Nazlee & A ; Khandaker, Shahjahan. Comparison of Services of Public, Private and Foreign Hospitals from the Perspective of Bangladeshi Patients. 2007. Balasubramanian, Siva K. and Wagner A. Kamakura, August. â€Å" Measuring Consumer attitudes towards the market topographic point with tailored interview † , Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 26. 1989.Unpublished ThesissPabunag, Richard et Al. â€Å" Level of Professional Competence of Radiologic Technologist in Davao City on Factor Selection of X-rays of Skull, Extremities and Chest † . Davao City. 2008.Online BeginningsEnfinger, Jeremy. Subjects in Radiography. April 22, 2012 Medicalxray.com.cn July 12/2010 Dicomsolutions.com ( www.discomsolutions/ds-digital-radiology/acquire.html ) . 2011 Dilulio, Renee. CR versus DR: Which is the Techs Choice? ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medical imagingmag.com/issues/articles/2008-05_02.asp. May 2008 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.libraryindex.com/pages/1831/Health-Care-Institutions-TYPES HOSPITALS.html † Health Care Institutions – Types of Hospitals.2007Appendix 5: BUDGETARY RequirementBUDGETARY RequirementManpower ( Representation fee/ Burden fee )Statistician 3,000 Research Adviser 4500 ( Proposal, Final ) Validators of Research Instruments ( 3 ) 900 Meals and bites 1500 Subtotal P 9,900Transportation system Allowance:2 Calendar months 5,330 Office Supplies ( booklets, paper, cartridge, ink ) 1000 A? of the Contingency Fund 1,623TOTAL P 17,853

Project-Proposal-Template

Project Proposal Template Project Proposal Template Company Name Company Name Write Company Address Here City, State, Zip Code Phone, Fax Email: www. proposaltemplatestips. com Website: www. abc. com Write Company Address Here City, State, Zip Code Phone, Fax Email: www. proposaltemplatestips. com Website: www. abc. com Project Proposal Project Proposal 2011/12 2011/12 Project Name Project Name Business Area Program Name Business Area Program Name Project Sponsor:| | Author (Business):| | Author (MIS):| | Project Sponsor:| | Author (Business):| |Author (MIS):| | DD/MM/YYYY DD/MM/YYYY a). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 1 b). Sample text —————————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 4 c). Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 6 b). 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Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 53 z).Sample text —————————————————————————————————————- 59 Make a list of all sections of proposal along with applicable page numbers. Cover this section on one page. Make a list of all sections of proposal along with applicable page numbers. Cover this section on one page. Table of Contents Table of Contents Proje ct Details Project Details Summary Summary Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits.Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits. Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits. Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits.Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits. Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situat ion, objectives, time scales and expected benefits. Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits.Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits. Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits. Provide a brief executive summary of your project proposal here in this section including background, current situation, objectives, time scales and expected benefits. Business Objectives Business ObjectivesPlease identify main objectives of your project in this section by giving a concrete statement describing your project and what you want to achieve with this project. You have to show here that your project is SMART that is Specific, M easureable, Attainable, Realistic and Time bound. Please identify main objectives of your project in this section by giving a concrete statement describing your project and what you want to achieve with this project. You have to show here that your project is SMART that is Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Realistic and Time bound. Objective No| Objective Description| | | | | | | | |Please identify main objectives of your project in this section by giving a concrete statement describing your project and what you want to achieve with this project. You have to show here that your project is SMART that is Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Realistic and Time bound. Please identify main objectives of your project in this section by giving a concrete statement describing your project and what you want to achieve with this project. You have to show here that your project is SMART that is Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Realistic and Time bound. Objective No| Objective Description| | | | | | | | |Deliverables and Limits Deliverables and Limits The deliverables are the changes that the project has to make in order to achieve the business objectives. Typically these will be system implementation or change to achieve the business process changes described in objectives. In many projects mis-understandings often arise because there are limits to the scope of the project that have not been clearly stated e. g. the system will only be available to a certain group of users, the deliverable is only intended to capture a proportion of the transactions, the system will only be delivered on University supported browsers.Typical deliverables for IT projects are listed below. * New IT Service * New MyEd channel * New Software system * Suite of Reports * Implementation service * Infrastructure Upgrade * Business Process Change The deliverables are the changes that the project has to make in order to achieve the business objectives. Typically these will be system implementation or change to achieve the business process changes described in objectives. In many projects mis-understandings often arise because there